41. Again these are in agreement with the Biblical Flood, e.g. perfectly preserved tracks of many kinds of animals - including dinosaurs - have been found alongside the footprints of human beings. Also imprints of ripple marks and raindrop splash marks have been discovered quite frequently. These simply could not have been preserved apart from unique sedimentation processes.return
42. Enclosed lake basins such as Bonnerville in Utah and Tahoe in California were clearly once filled with water. Raised river terraces reaching from the Atlantic to the Mississippi show that rivers once carried much larger columns of water than do their presence remnants. Also the incised, or entrenched, meanders, where strong lateral cutting of rivers took place simultaneously with down cutting, can only be explained on the basis that the horizontal beds were still soft and unconsolidated soon after deposition during the Flood period.return
43. The vast continental ice sheets that once covered the earth can easily be explained by the collapse of the great vapour canopy. Some 4 million square miles of North America, 2 million or more square miles of Europe and similar area in Siberia were glaciated. In addition many lesser areas were covered by local ice caps. Thousands of valley glaciers existed in mountains where today there are either none or only small ones.return
44. Yes, very much so - and there is! The rock formation of the earth exhibit everywhere evidence of profound tectonic activity. Rock strata of all kinds have been tilted, folded and faulted on a tremendous scale.return
45. (a) Volcanic rocks are found interbedded
with sedimentary rocks which correlates with the Biblical implication that the "Springs
of the deep" contained to pour out their contents through the entire Flood
period (see Gen 8:2). It is not only on the land that evidences of volcanic
action are found. Most of the oceanic islands, both above and below present
ocean level, were primarily of volcanic origin.
(b) The deluge from above
would cause significant erosion effects. Modern hydrology has proved that
raindrop impact is a very significant factor in the initiation of erosion. This
effect is magnified as amounts of sedimentary fragments through turbulence and
attrition begin to form rivulets which subsequently deepen to gullies. Violent
storms even today are known to produce such effects.return
46. Yes, the majority of these estimates do imply a much older creation.return
47. The accuracy and significance of any or all such estimates depends entirely upon both the accuracy with which relevant measurements can be made and also upon the assumptions upon which the interpretations are made.return
48. Yes. These methods usually involve some physical or chemical process whose present rate of activity can be measured. The total accumulation of the product of the process must also be measured. If we assume that there was no product to start with then it is a simple matter of mathematics to calculate how long the process must have been in operation to produce the current results.return
49. Two general types are commonly employed. Namely geologic and astronomic chronometers.return
50. Geologic chronometers are concerned with measurements on earth like the influx of sodium and other chemicals into lakes and oceans, erosion of gorges by water, wind or glaciers, the building of delta's or other sedimentary deposits, escape of terrestrial gases into the atmosphere, disintegration of radioactive isotopes or formation of radioactive isotopes e.g. for carbon dating and many other "natural processes". Astronomic chronometers are usually based upon the rate of expansion of the universe or the velocity of light coming from distant galaxies.return